Storytelling is one of the most engaging of human arts, and what greater
inspiration to a storyteller’s imagination than the stars of night. My interest in star tales has its roots
in a series of skywatching guides that I produced in conjunction with the great
Dutch celestial cartographer Wil Tirion. As I came to describe each
constellation, I found myself wondering about its origin and the way in which
ancient people had personified it in mythology. Astronomy books did not contain
satisfactory answers; they either gave no mythology at all, or they recounted
stories that, I later discovered, were not true to the Greek originals. In
addition, many authors seemed unaware of the true originators of several of the
constellations introduced since ancient Greek times. I decided, therefore, to
write my own book on the history and mythology of the constellations, and a
fascinating undertaking it proved to be. I have now transferred it to the web
where I can continue to expand it.
My theme has been how Greek and Roman literature has shaped our perception of
the constellations as we know them today – for, surprisingly enough, the constellations recognized by 21st century science
are primarily those of the ancient Greeks, interspersed with modern additions.
To this end, I have gone back to original Greek and Latin sources wherever possible; click
here for a list of sources and references. While I have attempted to recount the main variants of each myth, and to
identify the writer concerned where appropriate, it should be realized that
there is no such thing as a ‘correct’ myth; for some stories, there are almost as many different versions as there
are mythologists.
I have not tried to compare the Greek and Roman constellations with the
constellations that were imagined by other cultures, with one exception – that of China. Now that modern studies are furnishing us with a better
understanding of ancient Chinese constellations, I have added notes about them
in this web edition. However, Chinese constellations were far more malleable in
size, shape and position than western ones. They were not mythological but
expressed aspects of real life, so their names and symbolism varied with time
as Chinese society developed and the ruling dynasty changed; hence a given
constellation could be interpreted in more than one way, and sometimes a
constellation name was transferred to completely different stars.
Neither have I delved too far into the confusing morass of speculation about the
origin of the very first constellations; that is a job for the historian.
Indeed we may never be able to provide convincing answers from the fragmentary
information available.
Since ancient astronomers regarded each constellation as embodying a picture of
a mythological character or an animal, rather than as simply an area of sky as
defined by today’s surveyor-astronomers, it seemed natural to illustrate each constellation with
a picture from an old star map. These star maps are works of art in themselves,
and are among the most elegant treasures bequeathed to us by astronomers of the
past. The constellations give us a very real link with the most ancient
civilizations. It is a heritage that we can share whenever we look at the night
sky.
Ian Ridpath
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